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The Civil Rights Act of 1968, () is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin and made it a federal crime to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone … by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.” The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law. Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly known as the ''Fair Housing Act'' and was meant as a follow‑up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://finduslaw.com/civil-rights-act-1866-civil-rights-act-1871-cra-42-us-code-21-1981-1981a-1983-1988 )〕 The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, gender; since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act via section 1983〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1983 )〕 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). Titles II through VII comprised the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes〔("Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text, US House of Representatives website )〕 (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code). A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot". This provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence". ==Political context== One impetus for the law's passage came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. Also influential was the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act in California, which had been backed by the NAACP and CORE.〔(Darren Miles "Everett Dirksen’s Role in Civil Rights Legislation" Western Illinois Historical Review, Vol. I Spring 2009 )〕〔(Erin Eberlin "What is Fair Housing?" About.com )〕 and the 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council.〔(Burt Folkart "James Groppi, Ex-Priest, Civil Rights Activist, Dies" The Los Angeles Times, November 05, 1985|B )〕 Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a federal fair housing bill was the most filibusted legislation in US history.〔(Nikole Hannah-Jones, "Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law" Propublica, Oct. 28, 2012, )〕 It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards.〔 A proposed "Civil Rights Act of 1966" collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision. Mondale commented that: :A lot of () civil rights () was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace...This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal.":〔 Two developments revived the bill.〔 The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots strongly recommended "a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law",〔("REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS SUMMARY OF REPORT" )〕〔(Matthew J. Termine "Promoting Residential Integration Through the Fair Housing Act" 79 Fordham Law Review 1367 (2011). )〕 and was cited regularly by congress members arguing for the legislation.〔("Selected U.S. Senate proceedings and debates on fair housing, 1965-1971" University of Minnesota Law Library )〕 The final breakthrough came with the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil unrest across the country following King's death.〔("History of Fair Housing" US Department of Housing and Urban Development )〕 On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act. The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8.〔(Honorable Charles Mathias, Jr. “Fair Housing Legislation: Not an Easy Row To Hoe” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research )〕 With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of the House John McCormack, the bill (which was previously stalled) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civil Rights Act of 1968」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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